The study is based on fieldwork in areas where current land conflicts are played out, as well as on secondary sources. In essence, smallholders were dispossessed by a combination of violence, political power and duplicitous paperwork. Through the creation of a violent frontier, smallholders were denied recognition of independent rights and property. As a result, large-scale plantation production expanded. Oil palm contract-farming schemes effectively alienated smallholders from their land, and violence precluded their organization. Yet old patterns of smallholder dispossession were entrenched as the former insurgency leadership aligned with the old elite of plantation companies. When unrest ceased, old agrarian conflicts between smallholders and planters resumed. ![]() As a moment of rupture, the peace revealed interests, powers and dynamics, and it offered an opportunity for their reconfiguration. The end of the civil war in Aceh brought peace, but it has been of a predatory nature.
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